Testing yourself to learn
Retrieving information from memory consolidates it more than rereading it.
ObjectiveExplain the testing effect and choose the most effective study techniques.
In 2006, an experiment compared two ways of studying a text: rereading it, or trying to recall it in writing. Immediately afterwards, rereading seemed to win. One week later, those who had tested themselves remembered markedly more. The effort of retrieval consolidates memory.
In 2013, a review assessed ten common study techniques. Two received the highest utility rating: practice testing and spaced reviews. Highlighting and rereading, both very widespread, received a low rating.
Reread the chapter three times the day before the exam.
Answer ten questions every day on the chapters already covered, without looking at the course notes, then check.
The second method combines the testing effect and spacing, the two best-established techniques.
References
- Roediger, Karpicke (2006). Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention. Psychological Science 17(3), p. 249–255. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
- Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh et al. (2013). Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14(1), p. 4–58. doi.org/10.1177/1529100612453266